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Counterfeit goods result in hundreds of billions of dollars in losses every year. According to a 2020 report co-authored by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, counterfeiting tops the list of global criminal enterprises, with  domestic and international sales of counterfeit and pirated goods estimated between $1.7 trillion and $4.5 trillion each year.

While the COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed innovation in at-home testing via rapid antigen​​ tests, these technologies are limited to a small number of diseases and are not suitable for more complicated sample types, such as blood. Currently, tests for viruses in blood must be performed in a sophisticated laboratory and thus generally require multiple days before results are delivered to patients.

Ear infections, or the inflammation of the middle ear typically caused by bacteria, are a notorious nuisance in early childhood. The high incidence, recurrent nature, and non-specific presentation of ear infections in children have made it a feared diagnosis among parents.